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Events

Jun. 30 | 2012 Bode-Pearson Prize
Nominations for the 2012 Bode-Pearson Prize for Outstanding Contributions to American Studies due

Jun. 30 | 2012 Mary C. Turpie Prize
Nominations for the 2012 Mary C. Turpie Prize for Outstanding Contributions to American Studies Teaching, Advising, and Program Development due

Oct. 1 | Travel Grants for Graduate Students
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Resources: Abstracts of American Studies Dissertations

By University | By Year

Smoak, Gregory. "Ghost Dances and Identity: Ethnogensis and Racial Identity Among Shoshones and Bannocks in the Nineteenth Century," Department of History, University of Utah, August 1999.

This dissertation explores the emergence of ethnic and racial identity within the context of the Ghost Dance movements of the late nineteenth century among the Shoshone and Bannock speaking peoples of the northern Great Basin. Most historical interpretations have presented the Ghost Dance as short-lived and desperate religious fantasies. To the contrary, there is ample evidence that these beliefs had a long (well over three decades) and varied history west of the Rockies. Especially intriguing is the role of the Bannock people as missionaries and interpreters of religion. Although they shared the Fort Hall Reservation and most aspects of their culture with Shoshones, the Bannocks were more consistently linked with the religion. This raises the question of what it meant to be a Shoshone or a Bannock. I argue that social and economic differences were at the heart of these ethnic identities, and that they in large part explain each person’s reaction to the Ghost Dances. In turn, these religions represented the emergence of an American Indian racial identity. Thus, the Ghost Dances were not simply the dreams of an oppressed and dying culture, but important elements in the development of ethnic and racial identity among some American Indian peoples.